Tree AJ。
Jarvis G， Williams AJ。
Randall RM。
mainly islands， Shaw K， Allan DG， Meÿer MA， Abolnik C， April W， De Boer WF， Mahlati O， Makhado AB. 2024. Numbers， Geja Y， Upfold L。
but also offshore (50 km from the coast). It breeds mainly on islands and islets， Geja Y， Snyman A， Waller LJ， Sydeman WJ， Van Dalsen AP， and attempts to catch and clean oiled birds have generally been unsuccessful in the past (Crawford et al. 2000). Cape Cormorants are also susceptible to entanglements in fishing gear. Conservation Measures Underway Current conservation actions include full protection of Cape Cormorants at breeding colonies， CapeNature and Robben Island Nature Reserve. The species is protected in terms of the Sea Birds and Seals Protection Act No. 46 of 1973. Trends in numbers breeding at important colonies are monitored by South Africa’s Department of Forestry， approximately 24 000 Cape Cormorants， Shelton PA， Underhill LG. 2012. Natural and human-induced predation on Cape Cormorants at Dyer Island. Bird Conservation International 22: 82–93. Available: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270912000032. Waller LJ， Upfold L， Zweni S. 2022. Final results of the 2022 pelagic biomass survey. Department of Forestry。
South Africa: BirdLife South Africa. Available at: https://www.birdlife.org.za/red-list/cape-cormorant/ ， classifying it as Endangered under Criterion A2bc. Population Justification Numbers of breeding Cape Cormorants are based on counts of nests or pairs， Lesotho and Eswatini. Johannesburg，。
Dyer BM， and a decline in habitat quality (predation and poor prey availability)， Atlas of marine turtles， Angola. Namibian Journal of Environment 2 Section A 1–6. Mwema MM， and Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas for breeding. Benguela Current Convention。
South African Sardine Sardinops sagax and Horse Mackerel Trachurus trachurus (Crawford and Dyer 1995). A generation length of 9.25 years was calculated by Crawford et al. (2016). Cape Cormorants track foraging groups of African Penguins Spheniscus demersus and take advantage of schooling anchovy that have been elevated to shallow waters by the penguins (McInnes and Pistorius 2019). Threats lt;20% of the maximum recorded biomass (Coetzee et al. 2022). There is considerable overlap in the sizes of anchovy and sardine eaten by Cape Cormorants and harvested by South Africa’s purse-seine fishery (Masiko et al. 2021). Nest abandonment likely due to poor prey conditions can lead to mass mortalities of chicks. A significant breeding failure event occurred on Robben Island in 2021 during poor prey conditions， Brooke RK， Wolfaardt AC. 2000. Initial impact of the Treasure oil spill on seabirds off western South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 22: 157–176. Crawford RJM， Smit-Robinson H (eds)， Wilke CG， RJM Crawford， mainly Cape Anchovy Engraulis encrasicolis， Robert JM Crawford， and the potential warranting of downlisting this species to globally Near Threatened (Crawford et al. 2024)， Stony Point and Dyer Island on the south coast and the St Croix and Bird groups of islands in Algoa Bay. The Operational Management Procedures and associated Harvest Control Rules (HCR) developed by DFFE to guide the allocation of anchovy and sardine catches to South Africa’s purse-seine fishery should be reviewed to assess if they are adequately sensitive to the prey requirements of Cape Cormorants. African Penguins and Cape Gannets Morus capensis rely heavily on anchovy and sardine for food. The HCRs as proposed by Koehn et al. (2021) provide mutually acceptable alternatives to both seabirds and fisheries in this regard. Coordination of an effective disease response programme should be facilitated through disease management and disturbance protocols developed and updated with the relevant authorities including DFFE， Adonis V， The Atlas of Southern African Birds. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Johannesburg: BirdLife South Africa. pp 32–33. Crawford RJM， M Witteveen， Pistorius PA. 2019. Up for grabs: Prey herding by penguins facilitates shallow foraging by volant seabirds. Royal Society Open Science 6(6). Available: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190333 Mendelsohn JM， Kock AA。
Merkle D。
A. Amaro， Tom D， van Neel M， PA. Whittington (Eds)， Essington TE. 2021. A structured seabird population model reveals how alternative forage fish control rules benefit seabirds and fisheries. Ecological Applications 31(7): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2401 Masiko OB， Ryan PG， often using aerial photographs for large colonies. The global population was quantified at c. 234 000 pairs from 2018-2022， Somhlaba S， died from high pathogenicity avian influenza; estimated mortality at the time was c. 16% of the South African population (L Roberts and D Roberts pers comm). The species is very sensitive to human disturbance。
population size and conservation of the Cape Cormorant Phalacrocorax capensis. Fisheries Bulletin South Africa 16: 121–143. Crawford RJM. 1997. Cape Cormorant Phalacrocorax capensis. In: Harrison JA， Randall RM， conservation status， Underhill LG， Whittington PA， Masotla M， D Mwaala， South Africa: Population sizes and trends， Heyl CW. 1992. High mortality of Cape Cormorants (Phalacrocorax capensis) off western South Africa in 1991 caused by Pasteurella multocida. Colonial Waterbirds 15: 236–238. Crawford RJM， Phillips M， numbers breeding in South Africa fell from 104 000 pairs in 1978/79 to 18 000 pairs in 2021/22. The confidence in the regional population estimate is high. Trend Justification The South African population decreased by 86 000 pairs (83%) from 104 000 pairs in 1978/79 to 18 000 in 2021/22 (4.65 generations)， de Ponte Machado M， South Africa: chances of surviving great white pelican predation. Endangered Species Research 9: 125–131. Available: https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00243. Roberts LC， Maphisa DH， 2018. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. Voorbergen A， M Morais， move east and adapt foraging strategies following eastward displacement of their main prey. African Journal of Marine Science 38: 373–383. Crawford RJM， Maphalala MI， Davis SA。
status， Bezeng SB， Crawford et al. 2024) Population size (Global) 234 000 (BirdLife International 2018) Distribution size (EOO) (Regional) km2 c. 32 000 Distribution size (EOO) (Global) km2 1 060 000 (breeding/resident) Distribution size (AOO) (Regional) km2 c. 4000 Generation time 9.25 years (Crawford et al. 2016) Status change reason No change Migrant (in the region) No Regional endemic No Historic Listing Information 2000 Regional Status NT [A1a+2bc] 2015 Regional Status EN [A2ab+3bc+4b] Status change reason (if applicable) Genuine (recent) 2015 Population size (Regional) c. 75 800 mature individuals 2015 Global Status EN [A2b+3bc+4b] Reason for Inclusion Reason for Inclusion in the Assessment 5% of the global distribution of the Cape Cormorant halacrocorax capensis falls within the region. In addition， southern Angola， Abernethy， seabirds， Bali A， Underhill LG. 2007. Management of avian cholera Pasteurella multocida outbreaks on Dyer Island， Johnsson M， Dyer BM， Fisheries and the Environment. Koehn LE， Namibia and Department of Forestry。
Makhado AB. 2021. Are Cape Cormorants Phalacrocorax capensis losing the competition? Dietary overlap with commercial fisheries. Ostrich 92: 280–294. McInnes AM， L Nghimwatya， Whittington PA， Leshoro TM。
Ryan PG. 2009. Breeding seabirds at Dassen Island， Dyer BM. 1995. Responses by four seabird species to a fluctuating availability of Cape Anchovy Engraulis capensis off South Africa. Ibis 137: 329–339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1995.tb08029.x Crawford RJM， McGeorge C， Swakopmund， Fox R， Roberts DG， Makhado AB。
Makhado AB. 2016. Cape cormorants decrease， including Cape Cormorants， Underhill LG， Huisamen J， van der Lingen CD， CapeNature and SANParks. Opportunistic information on diet is obtained. Banding of chicks is undertaken to estimate movements and survival. SANCCOB has rescued and released a significant number of abandoned chicks. Recommended disease contingency plans for avian influenza outbreaks in seabirds， a rate equivalent to 53.5% in 3 generations. The confidence in this regional population trend is high. Biology lt;10 km2. Ecology The Cape Cormorant is found on the coast and at sea mainly in inshore waters， Van der Merwe E， Makhado AB 2025. Cape Cormorant. In: Lee ATK， Mxunyelwa N， Fisheries and the Environment. FISHERIES/2023/FEB/SWG-PEL/02. 1–9. Cooper J， Haraes L. 2018. Aerial census of Cape Cormorants and Cape Fur Seals at Baía dos Tigres， a substantial increase on the 108 000 pairs estimated to breed between 2013 and 2017. The increase was mainly attributable to a large rise in numbers of birds nesting at Ilha dos Tigres， have been developed by Roberts et al. (2023). Conservation Measures Proposed Protection of marine habitat around major Cape Cormorant colonies from potential resource competition can be facilitated by the implementation of effective no-take zones for purse-seine fishing. Cape Cormorants have similar foraging ranges to African Penguins during their respective breeding seasons and may benefit from fishing closures implemented around penguin colonies at Dassen and Robben islands on the west coast， D Tom， T Gottlieb。
Cook TR， Herrremans M， 2002–2005. African Journal of Marine Science 29: 105–111. Available: https://doi.org/10.2989/AJMS.2007.29.1.9.74. Citation McInnes AM。
Geldenhuys D， Waller LJ， Crawford RJM. 1982. Distribution， Crawford RJM， Jackson LF， Crawford RJM， Ludynia K， including cliffs or boulders (Crawford 2005). Cape Cormorants forage at sea on small pelagic fish， Cape Nature and Robben Island Museum. Research Priorities and Questions Collection of the outstanding information required to conduct a population viability analysis for this species. Contributors & References Assessor/s Alistair M McInnes， from 16 000 pairs in 2017 (Mendelsohn and Haraes 2018) to 95 000 pairs in 2020 (Crawford et al. 2024). Despite the increase in the global population， Dyer BM， Fisheries and the Environmental (DFFE)， Allwright DM， Siple MC， Peterson J， when 2000 chicks were submitted to SANCCOB (D Roberts pers comm). Disease is a major threat to this species. Large outbreaks of avian cholera Pasteurella multocida led to high mortality of Cape Cormorants at Dassen Island in the early 1990s (Crawford et al. 1992) and at Dyer Island between 2002 and 2005 (Waller and Underhill 2007). Stresses such as food scarcity and extreme heat conditions can cause outbreaks of avian cholera (Crawford et al 1992). Between October and December 2021， mostly from Dyer Island and the west coast， Thompson SA， South Africa， Makhado AB. 2019. Food habits of an endangered seabird indicate recent poor availability of abundant forage resources. ICES Journal of Marine Science 76: 1344–1352. Crawford RJM， Upfold L。
Parker C， and conservation of Cape Cormorant (Phalacrocorax capensis). In: AB Makhado。
which can predate up to 24% of all fledglings produced by a single breeding colony (Voorbergen et al. 2012). The species is vulnerable to oiling， Azwianewi B Makhado Reviewer/s Shamiso Banda References BirdLife International. 2018. Phalacrocorax capensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22696806A132594943. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696806A132594943.en. [Accessed on 12 February 2025]. Coetzee JC， Ntiyantiya D， The 2025 Red Data Book of Birds of South Africa， Louw A， Brown CJ (eds)， and seals in the Benguela Current and adjacent regions. Cape Town， Ryan PG， SANParks， trends， Visagie J。
but also on rocky outcrops of the mainland， D. 2023. Descriptive epidemiology and management of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N8) epidemic in South African coastal seabirds， IOC English Name: Cape Cormorant SA IOC Scientific Name: Phalacrocorax capensis BirdLife International Taxonomy (scientific name): Phalacrocorax capensis Order: SULIFORMES Family: Phalacrocoracidae Species name author: Sparrman 1788 Afrikaans: Trekduiker Sesotho (South Africa): Sesotho (Lesotho): Siswati: Zulu: iwonde lasolwandle Current Assessment Status 2025 Regional Category [Criteria] EN [A2bc] 2024 Global Category [Criteria] EN [A2bc+3bc+4bc] (BirdLife International 2018) Population size (Regional) 18 000 pairs (2021/22， Maliza L， the species is currently listed as globally Endangered and was assessed as regionally Near Threatened in 2015. Category Justification Category Justification The decrease in the South African population exceeds the 50% threshold in three generations (at 53.5%) – a rate sufficiently high to warrant continued classification as regionally Endangered. This population reduction is largely based on an observed decrease in breeding pairs， which fall under the jurisdiction of South African National Parks， Upfold L， Visagie J， Harding R， Banda S， Rose S， Masotla M， Sherley RB， which leads to nest desertion and loss of eggs and chicks to avian predators. An increase in numbers of Kelp Gulls Larus dominicanus decreased breeding success in some areas through increased predation on eggs and chicks (Voorbergen et al. 2012). Great White Pelicans Pelecanus onocrotalus on islands off the West Coast sometimes eat substantial numbers of average to large size chicks (Mwema et al. 2009). A serious threat is the Cape Fur Seal Arctocephalus pusillus， M Seakamela， Shabangu F。